Mithuna

Mithuna is the personification of the third zodiac sign, Gemini, in Vedic astrology (Jyotisha). The term 'Mithuna' (Sanskrit: मिथुन) literally means 'a pair' or 'couple', and the sign is represented by a male and female figure, often depicted as lovers or twins. This duality symbolizes the inherent polarity in creation—purusha (spirit) and prakriti (nature), or the interplay of complementary forces. In the Rigveda (1.181), the Ashvins, the divine twin horsemen, are associated with duality and healing, and later tradition links them to the Mithuna concept.

The Brihat Samhita of Varahamihira (6th century CE) describes Mithuna as a pair standing side by side, the female holding a vina (lute) and the male a staff, representing harmony and partnership. In Puranic cosmology, Mithuna is governed by the planet Mercury (Budha), who is considered a son of the moon and the god of intellect and communication. The Skanda Purana mentions Mithuna as one of the twelve Adityas (solar deities) in certain contexts, though this is less common. The sign is associated with the element of air and the third house of the natal chart, governing communication, siblings, and short journeys.

Regional worship of Mithuna is primarily astrological; during temple consecrations or planetary rituals (graha shanti), offerings are made to Mithuna as a celestial entity. In South Indian traditions, the Mithuna month (June–July) is considered auspicious for weddings, as the sign embodies union. The iconography consistently shows a male and female pair, sometimes with the male holding a mace and the female a lotus, symbolizing strength and purity. Mithuna's role in Hindu cosmology is to represent the cosmic duality that drives creation, as described in the Bhagavata Purana (3.26.15), where the Lord's creative energy manifests as pairs.

Thus, Mithuna is not a deity of independent worship but a celestial archetype that influences human affairs through astrological configurations.

Depicted as a male and female pair, often embracing or holding hands.