Nagas

Nagas are serpentine beings of Hindu mythology, dwelling in the subterranean realm of Patala. Their origin is traced to the Puranas, where they are born from the sage Kashyapa and his wives Kadru and Vinata (Mahabharata, Adi Parva 16). The Rigveda (1.32) references the serpent Vritra, though Nagas as a distinct class emerge in later texts. They are depicted as half-human, half-serpent, often with multiple hoods and a jewel (mani) on their heads, symbolizing sovereignty over treasures of the earth.

Iconographically, they may appear fully serpentine or with a human torso and serpentine lower body, adorned with ornaments. Principal Nagas include Shesha (Ananta), the cosmic serpent upon whom Vishnu reclines (Bhagavata Purana 10.1.16); Vasuki, used as the churning rope in the Samudra Manthana (Mahabharata, Adi Parva 18); and Takshaka, a king of Nagas known for his role in the snake sacrifice of King Janamejaya (Mahabharata, Adi Parva 3). Nagas are associated with water bodies, fertility, and hidden treasures, serving as guardians of thresholds and underworld riches. They are worshipped across India, especially on Nag Panchami, when milk and offerings are made at snake pits or images.

Regional traditions include the Naga cults of Kerala (Sarpa Kavu) and the Naga stones of Karnataka. In Hindu cosmology, Nagas inhabit Patala, one of the fourteen worlds, and are considered powerful beings who can bestow boons or curses. They are also linked to the serpentine energy (kundalini) in yogic traditions. The Devi Mahatmya (5.23) describes Nagas as attendants of the goddess.

Their worship seeks protection from snakebites, fertility, and prosperity. Nagas are often paired with Naginis (female Nagas) and are venerated as divine beings who mediate between the earthly and subterranean realms.

Half-human, half-serpent form with multiple hoods. Often depicted with a gem on the hood. Can appear fully serpentine.