Saptamatrika

The Saptamatrika (Seven Mothers) are a group of seven goddesses venerated collectively as manifestations of divine feminine power (Shakti) in Hindu dharma. Their earliest known mention occurs in the Rigveda (10.72.8-9), where they are described as the seven mothers who created the world. The Devi Mahatmya (chapters 8-10) recounts their origin from the energies of the great gods: Brahmani from Brahma, Maheshvari from Shiva, Kaumari from Skanda, Vaishnavi from Vishnu, Varahi from Varaha, Indrani from Indra, and Chamunda (or Narasimhi) from the goddess Durga. The Matsya Purana (chapter 179) and the Varaha Purana elaborate on their role as protectors of the cardinal directions and guardians of temples.

Iconographically, the Saptamatrika are depicted seated in a row, each with two to four arms, holding specific attributes: Brahmani holds a rosary and kamandalu; Maheshvari a trident and drum; Kaumari a spear and rooster; Vaishnavi a conch, discus, mace, and lotus; Varahi a plough and pestle; Indrani a thunderbolt and goad; and Chamunda a corpse or skull. Their vahanas (mounts) are the swan, bull, peacock, Garuda, boar, elephant, and owl, respectively. Principal myths include their role in slaying the demons Shumbha and Nishumbha (Devi Mahatmya 8-10) and their placement as guardian deities at village boundaries and temple entrances to ward off evil. Regional worship is especially prominent in South India, where they are enshrined in separate shrines within major temples like the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai and the Brihadeeswarar Temple in Thanjavur.

In Nepal, the Saptamatrika are revered as protectors of the Kathmandu Valley. The Skanda Purana (Maheshvara Khanda) describes their installation at the corners of villages and cities. In Hindu cosmology, the Saptamatrika represent the collective shakti of the major gods, embodying the principle that divine power is ultimately one but manifests in multiple forms. Their worship is prescribed for protection, fertility, and removal of obstacles, and is often performed during Navaratri and special pujas.

The Saptamatrika Stotram, found in the Puranas, is chanted for their blessings.

Seven goddesses seated in a row. Each has two to four arms and holds specific attributes. Often depicted at temple entrances or corners.