The Three Refuges (Tisarana) are the foundational vows of Buddhist practice, chanted as a declaration of faith and commitment. The mantra consists of three lines: 'Buddham Sharanam Gacchami' (I go to the Buddha for refuge), 'Dhammam Sharanam Gacchami' (I go to the Dharma for refuge), and 'Sangham Sharanam Gacchami' (I go to the Sangha for refuge). This formula is found in the Pali Canon, specifically in the Vinaya Pitaka (Mahavagga 1.12) and the Sutta Pitaka (e.g., Digha Nikaya 16), where it is recited by lay followers and monastics alike upon taking refuge. The Buddha refers to the Triple Gem (Buddha, Dharma, Sangha) as the ultimate refuge in the Dhammapada (verses 188-192), stating that those who take refuge in them with clear understanding will be freed from suffering.
The beej-akshara analysis is not applicable as this is a Pali phrase, but the phonetics emphasize the aspirated 'dh' and 'bh' sounds, which are considered purifying in Buddhist tradition. The traditional purpose is to establish oneself in the Buddhist path, seeking protection from the three jewels. It is chanted at the beginning of Buddhist ceremonies, meditation sessions, and daily practice, often three times. The recommended count is three repetitions, but it may be chanted 108 times as a meditation.
Ritual setting includes a quiet space with an image of the Buddha, and it is appropriate at any time, though dawn is considered auspicious. No specific cautions are given, but it is traditionally recited with sincere intention and respect. In Hindu dharma contexts, the Three Refuges are sometimes integrated into syncretic practices, as noted in the 'Mantra-Yoga-Samhita' which discusses the Buddha as an avatar of Vishnu, and the 'Devi Mahatmya' (Chapter 11) which alludes to the concept of refuge in the Goddess. However, the mantra remains primarily Buddhist.
The 'Lalita Sahasranama' (verse 142) also mentions the Buddha as a form of the Divine Mother, showing cross-tradition reverence. Thus, this mantra serves as a bridge between Buddhist and Hindu traditions, emphasizing universal refuge in enlightened wisdom.
I go to the Buddha for refuge; I go to the Dharma for refuge; I go to the Sangha for refuge.