Dharana, the sixth limb of Patanjali's Ashtanga Yoga, is the practice of focused concentration on a single point, object, or idea. The term 'Dharana' derives from the Sanskrit root 'dhri' meaning 'to hold' or 'to support', and in yogic context it signifies the unwavering fixation of the mind. The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali (3.1) define Dharana as 'desha-bandhash chittasya dharana' — binding the mind to a particular place or object. This practice serves as the foundation for Dhyana (meditation) and Samadhi (absorption). Dharana mantras are employed to cultivate ekagrata (one-pointedness) and prepare the mind for deeper meditative states.
While the Yoga Sutras do not prescribe specific mantras for Dharana, traditional texts such as the Mantra Mahodadhi and the Shaktisangama Tantra provide various bija (seed) mantras for concentration. Commonly, the syllable 'Om' (प्रणव) is used as a focal point, as described in the Mandukya Upanishad, which expounds on Om as the essence of all consciousness. Another frequent practice involves the use of the mantra 'Om Aim Hrim Klim Chamundaye Viche' from the Devi Mahatmya, which is chanted to invoke the goddess Chamunda for mental focus and protection. The bija 'Hrim' (ह्रीं) is particularly associated with concentration, as it represents the energy of the sun and the power of illumination, clearing mental distractions. According to the Mantra-Yoga-Samhita, the practitioner should chant the chosen Dharana mantra 108 times daily, preferably in the early morning (Brahma Muhurta) while seated in a stable posture like Padmasana.
The count is often performed on a rudraksha or crystal mala. The traditional purpose of Dharana mantras is to still the mind's fluctuations (vrittis) and develop the ability to sustain attention without distraction. Benefits include enhanced memory, clarity of thought, reduced stress, and improved meditation depth. Cautions: Dharana practice should be approached gradually; forcing concentration can lead to mental fatigue. It is recommended to begin with short sessions (5–10 minutes) and increase duration over time.
Those with severe anxiety or mental disorders should practice under the guidance of a qualified teacher. The Lalita Sahasranama also praises the goddess Lalita as the embodiment of concentrated consciousness, and her mantras are often used for Dharana in Shakta traditions.
Salutations to the power of concentration.