The Mundaka Upanishad, belonging to the Atharvaveda, is a principal Upanishad that expounds the distinction between two kinds of knowledge: the higher (para) and the lower (apara). The dhyana mantras from this Upanishad are meditative verses that guide the aspirant toward Brahmavidya, the knowledge of Brahman. The text opens with the famous analogy of the bow and arrow: 'Om is the bow, the self is the arrow, and Brahman is the target' (Mundaka Upanishad 2.2.4). This mantra encapsulates the entire meditative process, where the syllable Om serves as the bow, the individual self (jiva) as the arrow, and the ultimate reality (Brahman) as the mark to be struck with unwavering concentration.
The Upanishad itself is named 'Mundaka' (shaven-headed) because it shaves off ignorance, just as a barber shaves hair (according to tradition). The dhyana mantras are chanted to cultivate viveka (discrimination) between the eternal and the non-eternal, leading to moksha (liberation). The Mundaka Upanishad 1.1.4-5 distinguishes apara vidya (lower knowledge, including the Vedas and auxiliary sciences) from para vidya (higher knowledge, by which the imperishable Brahman is known). The beej-akshara 'Om' is central, representing the primordial sound and the essence of the Vedas.
Chanting these mantras is traditionally recommended during the brahma muhurta (pre-dawn hours) in a seated posture, with a focus on the inner meaning. The count is not fixed, but daily recitation with devotion is encouraged. According to the commentary of Shankaracharya on the Mundaka Upanishad, the dhyana mantras purify the mind and prepare it for the realization of the Atman. No specific cautions are given, but the aspirant should approach with reverence and a sincere desire for liberation.
The Lalita Sahasranama also echoes the theme of higher knowledge, but the Mundaka Upanishad remains the primary source for these dhyana mantras.
Om, the knowledge of Brahman.
The syllable 'Om' is the primary beej-akshara, representing the essence of the Vedas and the target of meditation.